Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Introduction
What Is a Crime?
What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?
The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime
The Criminal Justice System
Criminological Theory
Victimology
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Data From Law Enforcement Agencies
Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Data From Self-Report Surveys
Additional Approaches to Collecting Data
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
The Age of Enlightenment
The Classical School of Criminology
The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists
The Neoclassical School of Criminology
The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
The Rebirth of Deterrence Theory and Contemporary Research
Rational Choice Theory
Routine Activities Theory
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era
Body-Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Nature Versus Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of Genetics and Environment
Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor
Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior
Brain Injuries
Central Versus Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Early Psychological Theorizing Regarding Criminal Behavior
Modern Psychological Perspectives of Criminality
Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet
Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie
Merton’s Strain Theory
Variations of Merton’s Strain Theory
General Strain Theory
Summary of Strain Theories
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
The Ecological School and the Chicago School of Criminology
Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization
Cultural and Subcultural Theories of Crime
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Learning Theories
Control Theories
A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Labeling Theory
Conflict Perspectives
Additional Critical Theories
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
A Brief History of Feminism in the United States
Feminist Perspectives on Gender
Traditional Theories of Female Crime
The Liberation Thesis
Power-Control Theory
Feminist Perspectives on Crime and Criminal Behavior
Critiques of Feminist Theories
Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory
Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory
Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model
Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy
Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Summary of Theories
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
White-Collar Crime
Organized Crime
Cybercrime
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Hate Crimes
Multicide
Terrorism
Homeland Security
Policy Implications
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Introduction
Depressants
Narcotics
Stimulants
Other Commonly Abused Drugs
Trends of Drug Use
The Link Between Drugs and Crime
Modern Policies Related to Reducing Drug Use
Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Resources
Glossary
Notes
Index
