Methods in Psychological Research introduces students to the rich world of research in psychology through student-friendly writing, compelling real-world examples, and frequent opportunities for practice. Using a relaxed yet supportive tone that eases student anxiety, the authors present a mixture of conceptual and practical discussions, and spark reader interest in research by covering meaningful topics that resonate with today’s students. In-text features like Conceptual Exercises, FYI sections, and FAQ sections with accompanying visual cues support learning throughout the research experience. The Fourth Edition equips students with the tools they need to understand research concepts, conduct their own experiments, and present their findings.
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Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
About the Contributors
Acquiring Knowledge About the World
Conceptual Exercise 1A
Psychology—Science and Art
Critical Thinking
Objectives of Science
The Tenets of Science
Conceptual Exercise 1B
The Scientific Method
Theories, Concepts, and Hypotheses
Why We Do Research
Approaches to Research
Steps in Planning and Doing Research
Conceptual Exercise 1C
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Searching the Literature
The Research Article
Conceptual Exercise 2A
Basic Statistical Procedures
Conceptual Exercise 2B
More Complex Statistical Procedures
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Are Ethical Codes Necessary?
General Principles
Conceptual Exercise 3A
Ethical Standards
Conceptual Exercise 3B
Conceptual Exercise 3C
Conceptual Exercise 3D
Conceptual Exercise 3E
Special Populations
Internet Research
Bias and Intellectual Honesty
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Three Levels of Hypotheses
Conceptual Exercise 4A
Testing the Null Hypothesis
Statistical Significance
Inferential Errors: Type I and Type II
Conceptual Exercise 4B
Power and How to Increase It
Effect Size
The Role of Replication in Research
Conceptual Exercise 4C
External and Internal Validity
Conceptual Exercise 4D
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Ways of Asking Questions
Conceptual Exercise 5A
Social Desirability and Response Set
Measuring Observed Behavior
Conceptual Exercise 5B
Conceptual Exercise 5C
The Importance of Precision in Measurement
Conceptual Exercise 5D
Tests, Scales, and Inventories
Commercially Available Tests and Inventories
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Sampling Methods
Conceptual Exercise 6A
Conceptual Exercise 6B
Conceptual Exercise 6C
Recruitment
Sample and Effect Size
Power Revisited
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Why We Do Experiments
Conceptual Exercise 7A
Where We Do Experiments
Conceptual Exercise 7B
How We Do Experiments: Independent-Groups Designs
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Dependent-Groups Designs
Conceptual Exercise 8
Mixed Designs
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Single-Participant Design and the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Concepts in the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
ABA and ABAB Withdrawal Designs
Conceptual Exercise 9A
Multiple-Baseline Design
Alternating-Treatment Design
Changing-Criterion Design
Conceptual Exercise 9B
Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Participant Designs
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Quasi-Experiments
Conceptual Exercise 10A
Conceptual Exercise 10B
Conceptual Exercise 10C
Longitudinal Research
Cross-Sectional Research
Conceptual Exercise 10D
Case Studies
Correlational Research
Conceptual Exercise 10E
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Observational Research: Observing the Behavior of Individuals
Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Research
Conceptual Exercise 11A
Survey Research: Asking People Questions About Their Behavior
Conceptual Exercise 11B
Conceptual Exercise 11C
Observing Group Behavior: The Focus Group
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Program Evaluation
Conceptual Exercise 12A
Conceptual Exercise 12B
Archival Research
Conceptual Exercise 12C
Meta-Analysis
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
What Are Statistics, and Why Are They Necessary?
Summarizing Your Data With Descriptive Statistics
Conceptual Exercise 13A
Conceptual Exercise 13B
Testing the Statistical Significance of Your Research Findings
Conceptual Exercise 13C
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Writing in Psychology
Conceptual Exercise 14A
Conceptual Exercise 14B
Conceptual Exercise 14C
Conceptual Exercise 14D
Conceptual Exercise 14E
Conceptual Exercise 14F
Conceptual Exercise 14G
Conceptual Exercise 14H
Presenting Research in Writing
Other Ways of Presenting Research
Chapter Summary
Chapter Resources
Glossary
References
Index
Instructor Resource Site
This password-protected SAGE edge site provides instructors helpful teaching resources. Included are PPT slides, a test bank, class activities, sample syllabi, and web resources.
Student Resource Site
This open access SAGE edge site provides students a personalized approach to accomplish coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment. The site includes eFlashcards for key term practice, learning objectives to reinforce key material, and open access media for concept exploration.
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
- New coverage on experimental designs and nonexperimental research, Google Scholar, the replication crisis, recruitment of research participants, and anonymity in data collection.
- New compelling examples include research from the field’s literature and real student research projects.
- Updated learning objectives at the beginning of chapters reflect refreshed chapter content.
KEY FEATURES:
- Conceptual exercises ask students to reflect on the material they have just read to build critical thinking skills. Suggested answers to conceptual exercises appear at the end of each chapter.
- FAQ sections compile questions most often asked by students in their own words along with accompanying answers.
- A refresher chapter on basic introductory statistics offer instructors flexibility to skip the chapter or cover it in their course depending on whether students are expected to conduct or propose a research project.
- Chapter summaries, chapter exercises, and chapter projects allow readers to easily review, engage in, and master course content.