Preface
About the Editors and Contributors
SECTION I FRAMEWORK OF CLINICAL MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
Foundational Principles of Counseling
Wellness Model of Mental Health
Developmental Perspective
Prevention and Early Intervention
Empowerment
Multicultural Worldview
History of CMH Counseling
Historical Influences
Professional Practice in CMH Counseling
Professional Identity
Qualifications
Models of Change
Roles and Functions of CMH Counselors
CMH Counselor Functions
CMH Counselor Roles
Populations Served
Case Study
References
What Is Professional Conduct?
Consult, Consult, Consult!
Moral Principles
Professional Standards for Ethical Practice
Legal Considerations
Legal and Ethical Challenges
Ethical Decision Making
Multicultural and Social Justice Considerations
Case Studies
Select Resources for Ethical and Legal CMH Counseling Practice
References
The Case of Yolanda
Ecological View
Case Study Discussion
Understanding Advocacy and Social Justice
Case Study
Multicultural Competence and Culturally Responsive CMH Counseling
Case Study Discussion
Social Injustice and Mental Health
Privilege and Oppression
Privilege
Oppression
Racism and Sexism
Racism
Case Study Discussion
Sexism
Case Study Discussion
Advocacy and Social Justice Counseling
Client Advocacy
Case Study Discussion
Professional Advocacy
Case Study Discussion
Global Perspectives on Counseling
Conclusion
References
Continuum of Care: One Size Does Not Fit All
Modalities of the CMH Counseling Continuum of Care
Individual Counseling
Group Counseling
Couple and Family Counseling
History of the CMH Counseling Continuum of Care
Ethical and Developmental Aspects of the CMH Counseling Continuum of Care
Services, Settings, and Roles Across the CMH Counseling Continuum of Care
Prevention and Education Services
Outpatient Services
In-Home Services
Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHPs) and Intensive Outpatient (IOP) Services
Inpatient Services
Residential Services
Aftercare
Crisis and Emergency Services
Professional Issues Affecting the CMH Counseling Continuum of Care
Case Study
References
SECTION II PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES OF CLINICAL MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
Assessment Foundations
Purposes and Methods of Assessment
Clinical, Intake, and Diagnostic Interviewing
Types of Interviews
Initial or Intake Interview
Unstandardized Questionnaires and Checklists
Mental Status Examinations
Mini–Mental State Exam
Using Standardized Tests and Inventories to Inform Counseling
Broad-Symptom Inventories
Specific-Symptom Inventories
Structured Personality Inventories
Projective Techniques
Qualitative Assessment
Collateral Sources
Screening for High-Risk Situations
General Medical Conditions
Suicide Risk
Violence Risk
Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse
Substance Concerns
Cultural Bias in Assessment
Using Assessment to Inform Counseling
Case Study
References
Appendix: Current Concerns Questionnaire and Checklist (Adult)
Psychopathology and Etiology
Mental Health and Mental Illness
Dimensions of Psychopathology
Etiological Factors and the Biopsychosocial Model
Diagnostic Issues With the DSM
DSM: A Look Backward
DSM-5
Diagnostic Process: Four Guiding Principles
Principle 1: Check the Adequacy of Your Information
Principle 2: Use Diagnostic Hierarchies for Differential Diagnosis
Principle 3: Resolve Diagnostic Uncertainty by Examining the Usual Suspects
Principle 4: Your Diagnosis Is a Hypothesis That May Need Correcting
Case Study
References
Determining Client Needs and Appropriate Services
Case of Tara
From Conceptualization to Treatment Planning
Personal Style
Counselor Theoretical Framework
Expectations of the Counselor’s Work Setting
Developing and Implementing Treatment Plans
Treatment Goals
Case of Joseph and Sophia
Treatment Objectives
Treatment Interventions
Additional Treatment Plan Components
Referral, Keeping a Resource List, and Application
Keeping a Resource List
Application
Case of Emily
Termination Versus Maintenance
Treatment Planning and Special Populations
Treatment Planning With Children and Adolescents
Treatment Planning With Mandated Clients
Case Study
References
Brain Physiology, Neurotransmitters, and Medication: A Basic Overview
Mechanisms of Action
Why Use Medication in the Treatment of Mental Disorders?
Controversy in Using Medication in the Treatment of Mental Disorders
The Mental Health Counselor’s Dilemma
Classes of Psychotropic Medications, Their Effects, and Side Effects
Antidepressant Medications
Antianxiety Medications
Antipsychotic Medications
Bipolar Medications
Working Effectively With Psychiatrists
Making Medication Referrals
Medication Compliance
Assessing and Managing Side Effects
Working Effectively With Clients and Medication
Talking to Clients About Medication
Medication Advocacy
Legal and Ethical Issues With Psychopharmacology
Case Study
References
Managed Care
Managed Care Laws and Legislation
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
HIPAA Privacy Rule
HIPAA Security Rule
HIPAA Enforcement
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act
Affordable Care Act
Managed Care: Becoming an Approved Provider
Insurance: Private and Public Payers
Private Insurance
Government-Sponsored Insurance
Self-Pay and Other Means
Maintaining Records
Importance of Paperwork
Administrative and Clinical Documentation Practices
Clinical Documentation Practices
Intake Assessment Forms
Screening and Outcome Measures
Clinical Case Notes
Conclusion
Case Study 1: Navigating Insurance Coverage
Case Study 2: Writing Eff ective Case Notes
References
Appendix: Personal History and Intake Form
Differentiating Crisis Management and Disaster Relief
Crisis Management
What Is a Crisis?
Crisis Counseling
Range of Individual Crises
Principles of Crisis Management
Crisis Management Planning
Emergency and Disaster Relief
Impact of Crises and Disasters
Factors Influencing Mental Health After an Emergency or Disaster
Groups at Risk
Emergency and Disaster Response
Immediate Interventions
Intermediate and Long-Term Interventions
Disaster Mental Health Training
Impact of Crisis Counseling and Disaster Relief Work on CMH Counselors
Case Study 1: Crisis Management
Case Study 2: Disaster Mental Health
References
SECTION III MAXIMIZING YOUR EFFECTIVENESS AS A CLINICAL MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELOR
Models of Clinical Supervision
Developmental Models
Discrimination Model
Peer Models
Group Supervision Models
Triadic Supervision
Maximizing Your Supervision Experience
Practice Self-Assessment and Create Learning Goals
Prepare for Supervision
Take Risks
Practice Self-Reflection
Consider Power and Authority; Evaluation and Feedback
Practice Peer Feedback in Triadic and Group Supervision
Bring Difficult Topics to Supervision
Poor Supervision
Conclusion
Case Study
References
CMH Counseling Risks and Challenges
High-Touch Hazards
Burnout
What Burnout Looks Like
Burnout Prevention
Vicarious Traumatization
Symptoms and Signs of Vicarious Trauma
Addressing Vicarious Trauma
Compassion Fatigue
Compassion Fatigue Described
Contributing Factors to Compassion Fatigue
Identifying Compassion Fatigue
Counselor Wellness
Mindfulness
Mindfulness Defined
Balance
Career-Sustaining Behaviors
Healthy Habits
Case Study
References
Research Defined and Described
Ways of Knowing
Evidence-Based Practice
Scientist-Practitioner Model
Case Study
Step 1: Assess the Client
Step 2: Create a Well-Formulated Question
Step 3: Conduct a Search for Evidence
Step 4: Select and Access Articles to Read
Step 5: Evaluate and Appraise the Quality of Research
Step 6: Synthesize Information
Step 7: Clinical Application
Step 8: Evaluation
Conclusion
References
SECTION IV CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN CLINICAL MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE
Neuroscience in Counseling
Neural Anatomy
Neuroscience and the Therapeutic Relationship
Therapeutic Process and Neuroplasticity
Neurofeedback: One Application of Neuroscience in Practice
What Is Neurofeedback and How Does It Work?
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Motivational Interviewing
The Basics of MI
Support for MI
MI in Practice
Case Study
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy
The Basics of EFT
Stage 1: Deescalation of Negative Cycles of Interaction
Stage 2: Changing Interactional Positions
Stage 3: Consolidation and Integration
Support for EFT
EFT in Practice
Case Study
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
The Basics of DBT
Support for DBT
DBT in Practice
Case Study
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
The Basics of IPT
Support for IPT
IPT in Practice
Case Study
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
The Basics of TF-CBT
Support for TF-CBT
TF-CBT in Practice
Case Study
Mindfulness
The Basics of Mindfulness
Support for Mindfulness
Mindfulness in Practice
Case Study
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
The Basics of ACT
Support for ACT
ACT in Practice
Case Study
Spirituality in Counseling
The Basics of Spirituality in Counseling
Support for Spirituality in Counseling
Spirituality in Counseling in Practice
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Index